This video is a sequence of shots showing female characters looking and being looked at, gathered from five films of Nuri Bilge Ceylan: Uzak (Distant, 2002), İklimler (Climates, 2006), Üç Maymun (Three Monkeys, 2008), Bir Zamanlar Anadolu'da (Once Upon a Time in Anatolia, 2011) and Kış Uykusu (Winter Sleep, 2014) [see endnote 1]. My purpose in designing the order of the shots in the sequence was to be able to allow an image from one film to communicate with and respond to the next image from a different film. There is also an intentional grouping of moods and themes that are prevalent in the shots such as loneliness, disappointment, surveillance and confinement. The sequence is accompanied by a Schubert piano piece from Winter Sleep. As Pasquale Iannone suggests, perhaps it would be interesting to have a more complex audio structure (and Kevin B. Lee’s Ceylan’s Faces is a good example of that), but some of the diegetic sounds of the shots I have chosen were not desirable in terms of highlighting the images. My intention was to direct attention solely to Ceylan’s cinematography; hence I chose a theme music that I think is expressive of all the films mentioned.

There are shared characteristics among the ways in which female characters are written and performed in Ceylan’s films:

Women speak less than men, are are often totally silent. When they do, their words rarely have an effect on the listener (which is usually a male character).

Women are usually immobile; they have a restricted space within which to move and take initiative. If they do move, they are found and/or followed by the male characters.

Women are lonely. They do not have close female (or male) friends and/or relatives that they can confide in.

Women do not have their own stories, or their stories are incomplete, filled with blanks. Their actions rarely lead to a consequence that makes a character (or the story) transform [see endnote ii].  

Performances of female actors highly depend on gazes and facial expressions. A defining aspect of their performance is the temporariness of emotions, which easily transform and disappear. Usually any hint of happiness fades into a blank look, obscuring the implied meanings.

The video is an investigation of especially those moments in which female characters are silent and looking (at either a male, at themselves or off-screen) and stuck with ambiguous expressions on their faces that only imply (but never actually deliver) parts of their stories. These moments are not substitutes for dialogue or action; on the contrary, they maintain and/or reproduce the dominant male gaze that inhibits women from taking action. The video also comprises those moments when male characters liberally, effortlessly and fearlessly look at females (either with or without their knowledge). The intention behind a long sequence of shots was to draw attention beyond the films’ subjects (in which women are neglected in terms of the story and/or depth of character) and observe the stylistic choices in cinematography.  The five shared characteristics listed above are promoted through choices in framing, positioning of figures, composition, camera focus and angles. Women are often framed behind men; the male gaze occupies and restricts their screen space; when shot in a close-up, they seem to be forced to un-smile. Female characters’ points-of-view become significant and available only in relation to a male character [see endnote iii]. Even though the films’ stories problematize and criticize masculinity by reproducing and emphasizing male stereotypes, the stylistic choices applied to represent women on the screen mimic the manners of that very masculinity [see footnote 4].

As Serena Bramble observes, the essay examines how Ceylan captures women on film who “are not forgotten or unloved” but “mysterious.” Seemingly they are filmed in an attempt to be understood.

Endnotes:  

[i] There is a growing literature on the representation of women in Ceylan’s films. Dönmez-Colin writes about how Ceylan “casts women in traditional roles – wives, mistresses, mothers and sisters” (2010: 95), Akbal Süalp notes that women are cast in Ceylan’s films as “morbid provocateurs and seducers” (2007) while Güçlü (2010) emphasizes the prevailing silence of female characters. (See also Suner 2010; Çakırlar and Güçlü 2013, Atakav 2013).

[ii] When asked by Rob White (2011) whether he thinks “that the female characters’ stories are more unknowable than the male”, Ceylan replies: “I would say that the women’s stories are there—if you can guess and fill in the gaps.”

[iii]  Çakırlar and Güçlü write, “None of the female characters appears on screen as anything but a supplement in the portrayal of the male character.” (2013: 174)

[iv] Writing about Climates, Robin Wood (2006) rightly observes that this is “a strong, intelligent probing into masculinity and the male ego.” However, the film is not “centrally concerned with the marital problems arising out of radical feminism and its consequences.” Men are discredited and criticized, but women are never given a story in which they speak up or are liberated. They are left passive, to be looked at, observed, pitied and empathized with.

Works Cited:

• Atakav, Eylem. Women and Turkish Cinema: Gender Politics, Cultural Identity and Representation (New York: Routledge, 2013).

• Çakırlar, Cüneyt and Özlem Güçlü. “Gender, Family and Home(Land) in Contemporary Turkish Cinema: A Comparative Analysis of Films by Nuri Bilge Ceylan, Reha Erdem and Ümit Ünal.” In Resistance in Contemporary Middle Eastern Cultures: Literature, Cinema and Music, eds Laachir, K. and S. Talajooy, 167-183 (New York: Routledge, 2013).

• Dönmez-Colin, Gönül. “Women in Turkish Cinema: Their Presence and Absence as Images and as Image-Makers,” Third Text, Vol. 24, No. 1 (2010): 91-105.

• Güçlü, Özlem. “Silent Representations of Women in the New Cinema of Turkey.” sinecine, Vol. 1, No. 2 (2010): 71-85.

• Suner, Asuman. New Turkish Cinema: Belonging, Identity and Memory (London: I. B. Tauris, 2010).

• Süalp, Zeynep Tül Akbal and Başak Şenova “Violence: Muted Women in Scenes of Glorified Lumpen Men.” In New Feminism: Worlds of Feminism, Queer and Net- working Conditions, ed. Grzinic, M. and R. Reitsamer, 91–96. (Wien: Löcker, 2008).

• White, Rob. “Nuri Bilge Ceylan: An Introduction and Interview.” Film Quarterly, Vol. 65, No. 2 (Winter 2011): 64-72.

• Wood, Robin. “Climates and Other Disasters: The Films of Nuri Bilge Ceylan.” Artforum International, Vol. 45, No. 3 (November 2006).